Systems and methods for enhancing dimensioning, for example volume dimensioning

ABSTRACT

A dimensioning system can include stored data indicative of coordinate locations of each reference element in a reference image containing a pseudorandom pattern of elements. Data indicative of the coordinates of elements appearing in an acquired image of a three-dimensional space including an object can be compared to the stored data indicative of coordinate locations of each reference element. After the elements in the acquired image corresponding to the reference elements in the reference image are identified, a spatial correlation between the acquired image and the reference image can be determined. Such a numerical comparison of coordinate data reduces the computing resource requirements of graphical comparison technologies.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

This disclosure generally relates to non-contact dimensioning systems and methods for determining dimensions and/or volume of objects.

2. Description of the Related Art

Dimensioning systems are useful for providing dimensional and volumetric data related to three-dimensional objects disposed within a field-of-view of the dimensioning system. Such dimensional and volumetric information is useful for example, in providing consumers with accurate shipping rates based on the actual size and volume of the object being shipped. Additionally, the dimensioning system's ability to transmit parcel data immediately to a carrier can assist the carrier in selecting and scheduling appropriately sized vehicles based on measured cargo volume and dimensions. Finally, the ready availability of dimensional and volumetric information for all the objects within a carrier's network assists the carrier in ensuring optimal use of available space in the many different vehicles, containers and/or warehouses used in local, interstate, and international commerce.

A wide variety of computing devices are used within the shipping industry. For example, personal computers used as multi-tasking terminals in small storefront packing and shipping establishments. Also, for example, dedicated self-service shipping kiosks found in many post offices. As a further example, dedicated handheld scanners are frequently used as mobile terminals by many international shipping corporations. The wide variety of form factors found in the shipping industry are quite diverse, yet all rely upon providing accurate information, such as parcel dimensions and volume, to both the user in order to provide accurate shipping rates and to the carrier in order to accurately forecast shipping volumes.

A number of volume dimensioning systems rely upon the use of structured light. By projecting a structured light pattern into a three-dimensional space containing at least one object, the shift in position (i.e., parallax) of the structured light within the three-dimensional space may be used to determine one or more dimensions of the object. The comparison between the structured light pattern present in the acquired image containing the object and a reference image to determine the parallax shift and consequently the volume dimensions of the object is performed graphically, often by comparing portions of the acquired image to portions of the entire reference image to determine a pattern “match.” Such image intensive processing requires significant computing resources and speed to provide response times expected for use in commerce and industry.

Structured light patterns can take many forms, including an outwardly apparent random pattern of elements (e.g., visible or invisible electromagnetic radiation in the form of “dots” or “spots”) which is, to the contrary, highly structured. The arrangement of elements within the pattern is such that any group including a defined number of elements (e.g., three or more) is unique among all other groups containing an identical number of elements within in the pattern. Thus in some element patterns, any group of seven elements is unique among all groups of seven elements appearing in the pattern.

Projecting such a pattern of elements into a three-dimensional space that includes an object for volume dimensioning permits the determination of the volume dimension of the object based on the parallax shift that occurs in at least a portion of the elements in the pattern when the acquired image data is compared to reference data of the three-dimensional space without the object. Determination of parallax shift between the acquired image of the three-dimensional space with an object and containing the pattern of elements and a reference image containing the pattern of elements is a two step process in which corresponding elements in the acquired image and the reference image are identified. After corresponding elements in the reference image and the acquired image are identified, the parallax shift between the elements can be calculated, and dimensional information of the object obtained.

The identification of corresponding elements in the reference image and the acquired image may be performed graphically using a processor-based device to sequentially compare a portion of the acquired image with portions of the reference image until a “match” between the patterns is detected by the processor. Such graphical comparisons are generally computationally intensive, requiring the use of either high speed processors or multiple processors to reduce the time required to match the pattern in the acquired image with the pattern in the reference image to a level acceptable for use in industry and commerce.

BRIEF SUMMARY

It has been advantageously found that if element location data is extracted from the acquired image and compiled as numerical data into a coordinate data list, such a list of numerical element location data may be more expeditiously compared to numerical reference element location data in a similar reference data list. Such comparisons of numerical lists are well within the capabilities of lower speed processors such as those found in many portable electronic devices. Thus, the use of a coordinate data list including numerical data indicative of element locations in an element pattern obtained from an acquired image of a three-dimensional space containing an object and a reference data list including numerical data indicative of reference element locations in a reference element pattern can speed the volume dimensioning process and advantageously permit the use of portable electronic devices to provide highly accurate volume dimensioning data.

Additional enhancements in speed and efficiency of pattern matching are obtained by sorting the coordinate data list and/or the reference data list. Another enhancement to the speed and efficiency of pattern matching is obtained by comparing a limited number of groups of pattern elements, each group including a sufficient number of elements to form a unique set of elements within the acquired image to the reference data list. Such a comparison between coordinate data associated with element locations in a group including a limited number of elements and the coordinate data of reference elements in the reference data list can be performed using patterned searches. For example, a search focusing only on coordinate locations of reference elements within the reference data list that are proximate a reference element matching an element included in a group of elements may beneficially take advantage of the fact that elements included in the group of elements are often found to match reference elements in close proximity within the reference data list.

Another enhancement in speed and efficiency of pattern matching is obtained by converting the coordinate locations of acquired elements included in a particular group into a locally referenced locations in which the locations of all of the elements included in the particular group are locally referenced to a single element included in the respective group. For example, an angle and a distance may be used to reference the location of each of the elements included in a group to a single element in the respective group. The coordinate data of the reference elements included in the reference data list may be converted to a similar locally-referenced coordinate system. The unique angle and distance data for each group can then be compared with reference angle and distance data for the reference elements included in the reference data list. In such an instance, determining the correspondence between the reference element in the group (i.e., the “origin,” for the locally referenced coordinate system) and a reference element in the reference data list effective matches every element in the group with a corresponding reference element in the reference data list.

An enhancement in dimensional accuracy may be obtained by more precisely determining the center of intensity of each element appearing in the pattern in the acquired image data prior to determining the coordinates of the respective element. Such a center of intensity may be determined by analyzing the grayscale intensity distribution of each element in the acquired image data to identify a “center of intensity” of the element and associating the coordinate location of the element with the identified center of intensity of the respective element.

A portable structured light dimensioning system to determine a volume dimension of an object may be summarized as including an image acquisition device to acquire image data representative of at least an element pattern projected into a three dimensional space that includes at least one object; at least one processor communicably coupled to the image acquisition device; and at least one nontransitory storage medium communicably coupled to the at least one processor and having stored therein at least one set of machine executable instructions that when executed by the at least one processor cause the at least one processor to: determine coordinate data associated with each element location in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data; generate a number of coordinate data lists, each including coordinate data associated with at least three element locations in the acquired image data; for each coordinate data list: compare the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list including reference coordinate data associated with reference element locations in a reference element pattern; and select for each of the at least three element locations, a corresponding reference element location in the reference element pattern; and determine a spatial shift between the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data and the coordinate data associated with the respective corresponding reference element location in the reference element pattern.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to: for each coordinate data list, compare the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list by performing for the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations, at least one of: a top-to-bottom search, or, a bottom-to-top search of the reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with the respective element location with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the reference data list.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the processor to: for each coordinate data list, sort the coordinate data using a defined sort pattern to provide a respective ordered coordinate data list.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to: for each ordered coordinate data list perform at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of the reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with a first element location in the ordered coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the reference data list; and for coordinate data in the ordered coordinate data list associated with each remaining element location, perform at least one of an upward search, a downward search, or an alternating upward/downward search about coordinate data associated with a reference element in the reference data list corresponding to coordinate data associated with an immediately preceding element location.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to: for each ordered coordinate data list perform at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of an ordered reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with a first element location in the ordered coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the ordered reference data list; and for coordinate data in the ordered coordinate data list associated with each remaining element location, perform at least one of an upward search, a downward search, or an alternating upward/downward search about coordinate data associated with a reference element in the ordered reference data list corresponding to coordinate data associated with an immediately preceding remaining element location.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the processor to: generate an ordered coordinate data list about each of a number of points of interest in the acquired image data to provide the number of ordered coordinate data lists, each ordered coordinate data list including coordinate data associated with each of at least three element locations about each respective point of interest.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to: accept a number of user inputs, each of the user inputs corresponding to one of the number of points of interest in the acquired image data.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to: autonomously determine each of the number of points of interest in the acquired image data.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the processor to: for each ordered coordinate data list, convert the coordinate data associated with the at least three element locations in the acquired image data to a second, locally-referenced coordinate system that relates the coordinate data associated a first of the at least three elements included the respective ordered coordinate data list to the coordinate data associated with each of the other of the at least three elements included in the respective ordered coordinate data list to provide a respective ordered, locally referenced, coordinate data list.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to: for each ordered, locally referenced, coordinate data list perform at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of a locally-referenced, reference data list in which the coordinate data associated with each reference element is related to coordinate data associated with a number of neighboring reference elements in the reference pattern, to compare the locally-referenced coordinate data associated with the first of the at least three elements in the ordered, locally-referenced, coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the locally-referenced, reference data list.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the processor to: determine a center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data; and determine coordinate data corresponding to the determined center of intensity of the element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the processor to: determine a center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data using grayscale values associated with each of the respective element locations.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to: determine a respective distance between the image acquisition device and each of the elements in at least a portion of the pattern of elements incident upon the at least one object positioned in the three-dimensional space.

The machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to: determine a respective volume dimension associated with the at least one object using the determined respective distances between the image acquisition device and each of the elements in at least a portion of the pattern of elements incident upon the at least one object positioned in the three-dimensional space.

A structured light dimensioning method to determine a volume dimension of an object may be summarized as including determining by at least one processor coordinate data corresponding to element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in acquired image data provided by at least one communicably coupled image capture device; generating by the at least one processor a number of coordinate data lists, each coordinate data list including coordinate data associated with at least three element locations in the acquired image data; storing each of the number of coordinate data lists in at least one nontransitory storage media communicably coupled to the at least one processor; for each coordinate data list: comparing by the at least one processor the coordinate data associated each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list stored in at least one nontransitory storage media communicably coupled to the at least one processor, the reference data list including reference coordinate data associated with reference element locations in a reference element pattern; selecting by the at least one processor, for each of the at least three element locations, a corresponding reference element location in the reference element pattern; and determining by the at least one processor a spatial shift between the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data and the coordinate data associated with the respective corresponding reference element location in the reference element pattern.

Comparing by the at least one processor the coordinate data associated each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list may include comparing by the at least one processor the coordinate data associated each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list by performing for the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations, at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of the reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with the respective element location with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the reference data list.

The method may further include for each coordinate data list, sorting by the at least one processor the coordinate data using a defined sort pattern to provide a respective ordered coordinate data list.

The method may further include for each ordered coordinate data list, performing by the at least one processor at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of the reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with a first element location in the ordered coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the reference data list; and for coordinate data in the ordered coordinate data list associated with each remaining element location, performing by the at least one processor at least one of an upward search, a downward search, or an alternating upward/downward search about coordinate data associated with a reference element in the reference data list corresponding to coordinate data associated with an immediately preceding element location.

The method may further include for each ordered coordinate data list, performing by the at least one processor at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of an ordered reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with a first element location in the ordered coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the ordered reference data list; and for coordinate data in the ordered coordinate data list associated with each remaining element location, performing by the at least one processor at least one of an upward search, a downward search, or an alternating upward/downward search about coordinate data associated with a reference element in the ordered reference data list corresponding to coordinate data associated with an immediately preceding remaining element location.

Generating by the at least one processor a number of coordinate data lists may include generating by the at least one processor, an ordered coordinate data list proximate each of a number of points of interest in the acquired image data to provide the number of ordered coordinate data lists, each ordered coordinate data list including coordinate data associated with each of at least three element locations about each respective point of interest.

The method may further include accepting by the at least one processor, a number of user inputs provided via at least one user interface communicably coupled to the at least one processor, each of the user inputs corresponding to one of the number of points of interest in the acquired image data.

The method may further include autonomously determining by the at least one processor, each of the number of points of interest in the acquired image data.

The method may further include for each ordered coordinate data list, converting by the at least one processor, the coordinate data associated with the at least three element locations in the acquired image data to a second, locally-referenced coordinate system that relates the coordinate data associated a first of the at least three elements included the respective ordered coordinate data list to the coordinate data associated with each of the other of the at least three elements included in the respective ordered coordinate data list to provide a respective ordered, locally referenced, coordinate data list.

Comparing by the at least one processor the coordinate data associated each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with the reference data list stored in at least one nontransitory storage media communicably coupled to the at least one processor may include for each ordered, locally referenced, coordinate data list performing by the at least one processor at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of a locally-referenced, reference data list in which the coordinate data associated with each reference element is related to coordinate data associated with a number of neighboring reference elements in the reference pattern, to compare the locally-referenced coordinate data associated with the first of the at least three elements in the ordered, locally-referenced, coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the locally-referenced, reference data list.

The method may further include determining by the at least one processor a center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data.

Generating by the at least one processor a number of coordinate data lists, each coordinate data list including coordinate data associated with at least three element locations in the acquired image data may include generating by the at least one processor a number of coordinate data lists, each coordinate data list including coordinate data corresponding to the determined center of intensity of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data.

Determining by the at least one processor a center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data may include determining by the at least one processor the center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data using a number of grayscale values associated with each of the respective element locations.

The method may further include determining by the at least one processor a respective distance between the image acquisition device and each of the elements in at least a portion of the pattern of elements incident upon the at least one object positioned in the three-dimensional space.

The method may further include determining by the at least one processor a respective volume dimension associated with the at least one object using the determined respective distances between the image acquisition device and each of the elements in at least a portion of the pattern of elements incident upon the at least one object positioned in the three-dimensional space.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not drawn to scale, and some of these elements are arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn, are not intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and have been solely selected for ease of recognition in the drawings.

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an example dimensioning system using a structured light pattern including a number of elements projected into a three-dimensional space, according to one illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of an example element pattern projected into the three-dimensional space which includes an object and an associated Cartesian coordinate data list including coordinate data associated with the location each element in the pattern of elements, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram of an example reference element pattern projected into a three-dimensional space and an associated reference data list including Cartesian coordinate data associated with the location of each reference element, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of a portion of an example pattern of elements including two element groups, each containing a number of elements having a unique spatial relationship among the pattern of elements, and an ordered coordinate data list associated with each of the two client groups, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 2B is a front elevational view of a portion of an example pattern of elements projected onto an object in a three-dimensional space and including two groups of elements, each containing a number of elements having a unique spatial arrangement among the pattern of elements about two identified points of interest, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 2C is a perspective view of a portion of the example pattern of elements in FIG. 2B projected onto the object in the three-dimensional space and including two groups of elements, each containing a number of elements having a unique spatial arrangement among the pattern of elements about the two identified points of interest, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 3A is an enlarged view of a portion of an example pattern of elements projected into a three-dimensional space including Cartesian coordinate data associated with element locations in a group including a number of elements, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 3B is an image of a portion of the example pattern of elements shown in FIG. 3A projected into a three-dimensional space including locally-referenced coordinate data, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative element in an element pattern in which the element is formed using a number of pixels in the image acquisition device, each of the pixels having an associated grayscale value used to calculate the center of intensity of the element, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a high-level flow diagram of an example method of determining locations of each element in a pattern of elements included in an acquired image with locations of corresponding reference elements in the pattern of elements included in a reference image by numerically comparing a list of acquired element coordinate data with a list of reference element coordinate data, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a high-level flow diagram of an example method of determining locations of a number of groups of elements, each group including a number of elements in a pattern of elements included in an acquired image with locations of corresponding reference elements in the pattern of elements included in a reference image by numerically comparing a list of acquired element coordinate data associated with the elements included in each group with a list of reference element coordinate data, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a high-level flow diagram of an example method of determining locations of a number of groups of elements, each group including a number of elements in a pattern of elements included in an acquired image with locations of corresponding reference elements in the pattern of elements included in a reference image by numerically comparing a list of locally-referenced acquired element coordinate data associated with the elements included in each group with a list of locally-referenced reference element coordinate data, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a high-level flow diagram of an example method of determining locations of each element in a pattern of elements included in an acquired image with locations of corresponding reference elements in the pattern of elements included in a reference image by numerically comparing a list of acquired element center of intensity coordinate data with a list of reference element coordinate data, according to one illustrated embodiment, according to one illustrated embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosed embodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognize that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures associated with sources of electromagnetic energy, operative details concerning image sensors, cameras, structured light, and detailed architecture and operation of the imaging system have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.”

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments.

As used herein, the term “element” refers to any projected sensible (e.g., visible light) or detectable (e.g., infrared) or otherwise discernable electromagnetic radiation forming at least a portion of a larger pattern. Elements can have any shape or geometry including shapes and geometries that are altered or varied in one or more dimensions as a function of distance from the projection device providing the electromagnetic radiation. In at least some instances, such elements may be variously referred to as “dots,” “points,” or “spots.”

As used herein, the term “pattern of elements” and “reference pattern of elements” refers to a pattern of elements appearing outwardly random, yet is highly structured and reproducible such that any group of a defined number of elements in the pattern provides a unique spatial geometry that is not reproduced elsewhere in the overall pattern by any other grouping of a same number of elements. In some instances, the number of elements forming the unique spatial geometry may number three or more. A “reference pattern of elements” or a “reference element pattern” refers to the case where the pattern of elements is projected into a baseline three-dimensional space having a known spatial geometry to provide a pattern of elements having a known distance between the projection device and each of the elements forming the reference pattern of elements. A common element pattern is used to provide both the reference element pattern and the pattern of elements projected on the object positioned in the three-dimensional space.

FIG. 1A shows a volume dimensioning system 100 including an image acquisition device 102 having a field-of-view, at least one processor communicably coupled to the image acquisition device, at least one non-transitory storage medium 106, and at least one projection device 108 to project an element pattern 130 into a three-dimensional space 120, according to one illustrated embodiment. FIG. 1B shows an image of an object 150 disposed in the three-dimensional space 120 with at least a portion of an element pattern 130 projected on the object 150 and the remainder of the element pattern 130 projected into the three-dimensional space 120 falling within the field-of-view of the image acquisition device 102 and a number of coordinate data lists 170 each including numerical data corresponding to the Cartesian coordinates 172 a-172 n (collectively “Cartesian coordinates 172”) of each of the reference elements included in the respective coordinate list 170, according to one illustrated embodiment. FIG. 1C shows an image of the element pattern 130 projected into the three-dimensional space 120 without an object 150 present, to provide a reference element pattern 140 and a reference data list 160 including numerical data corresponding to the Cartesian coordinates 162 a-162 n (collectively “Cartesian coordinates 162”) of each of the reference elements included in the reference element pattern 140, according to an illustrated embodiment.

The volume dimensioning system may optionally include one or more output devices 112 and one or more input devices 114 communicably coupled to the at least one processor 104. The image acquisition device 102 can acquire image data representative of the three-dimensional space 120 and any objects 150 placed therein that lie within the field-of-view of the image acquisition device 102. The image data acquired by the image acquisition device 102 can include at least a portion of the element pattern 130 projected into the three-dimensional space 120.

The volume dimensioning system 100 determines the distance to objects placed within the three-dimensional space 120 by comparing the element pattern 130 in the acquired image with the element pattern 130 in the reference element pattern 140. By aligning the elements included in the element pattern 130 in the acquired image data with corresponding elements in the reference element pattern 140, shifts in coordinate locations of corresponding elements in the acquired image data and the reference image data can be used to determine a distance between the projection device 108 and each of the respective elements in the element pattern 130.

The image acquisition device 102 can include any number or combination of systems or devices suitable for providing data indicative of the three-dimensional space 120 and any objects placed therein. The image acquisition device 102 is used to acquire image data representative of a scene in the field-of-view of the image acquisition device. When the projection device 108 projects the element pattern 130 into the three-dimensional space 120, the image data acquired by the image acquisition device includes data indicative of the location and optionally the intensity of the elements included in the element pattern 130. Such image data may be generated using an image acquisition device 102 sensitive to incident electromagnetic radiation in the visible electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., wavelengths between about 360 nanometers (“nm”) and about 700 nm) when the element pattern 130 is projected in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Such image data may be generated using an image acquisition device 102 sensitive to incident, invisible, portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as the infrared or near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., wavelengths between about 700 nm and about 1000 nm) when the element pattern 130 is projected in an invisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

In some implementations, the image acquisition device 102 may operate in at least a portion of the visible electromagnetic spectrum and in at least a portion of the invisible electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., a charge-coupled device or “CCD” sensor having an operating sensitivity that falls within portions of both the visible and invisible electromagnetic spectrum at wavelengths of from about 360 nm to about 800 nm). Such an image capture device advantageously permits the capture of a element pattern 130 projected in an invisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., near-infrared) while contemporaneously capturing image data in the visible spectrum representative of the field-of-view of the image acquisition device.

In at least some implementations, the image acquisition device 102 may include one or more systems or devices for enhancing or otherwise altering the acquired image data. For example, the image acquisition device 102 may include one or more filters or signal processors to remove or otherwise separate image data representative of the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from image data representative of the invisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in at least a portion of the acquired image data.

All or a portion of the acquired image data provided by the image acquisition device 102 can be communicated from the image acquisition device 102 to the at least one processor 104 or the at least one non-transitory storage medium 106. One or more machine executable instruction sets can cause the at least one processor 106 to extract or otherwise separate the portion of the acquired image data corresponding to each of the elements in the element pattern 130. In at least some instances, the machine executable instructions may further cause the at least one processor 104 to determine coordinate data (e.g., Cartesian coordinate data) associated with each element location in at least a portion of the element pattern 130 present in the acquired image data.

In at least some instances, the machine executable instructions may further cause the at least one processor 104 to organize or form the Cartesian coordinates 172 associated with the location of each of the elements in the acquired image data into a number of coordinate data lists 170. Each of the number of coordinate data lists 170 can include a single-dimensional or a two-dimensional array containing numerical data corresponding to the Cartesian coordinates 172 for each of the elements included in the respective coordinate data list 170. In some implementations, the machine executable instructions may further cause the at least one processor 104 to organize or form the Cartesian coordinates 172 corresponding to the locations all of the elements in the acquired image data into a single coordinate data list 170. The at least one processor 104 may store or otherwise retain the number of coordinate data lists 170 in a non-transitory storage media partially or completely within the at least one processor 104, in the at least one non-transitory storage medium 106, or any combination thereof.

One or more sets of machine executable instructions cause the at least one processor 104 to perform a comparison of the numerical data representative of the element locations in each of the number of coordinate data lists 170 with the numerical data representative of the reference element locations in the reference data list 160. The comparison can be performed by the at least one processor 104 as a search of the reference data list 160 for corresponding points appearing in each of the number of coordinate data lists. Advantageously, by performing a numerical comparison of the reference data list 160 with each of the number of coordinate data lists 170, the need for computation resource intensive graphical comparison of acquired image data is eliminated, thereby permitting the comparison using a less powerful, slower processor 106 such as those found in many portable or handheld electronic devices.

For example, a low resolution image acquisition device 102 may provide an acquired image having 1 to 3 megapixels of data. Such an image generates an image data file of at least 1 to 3 megabytes. In contrast, the element pattern 130 includes about 11,000 elements in the acquired image data. By extracting only coordinate data corresponding to the locations of the elements in the element pattern 130 in the acquired image data, the file size may be reduced by up to 100 times. Comparing a coordinate data list containing numerical data corresponding to the coordinate locations of 11,000 elements in the element pattern 130 with a reference data list containing a comparable quantity of numerical data corresponding to the coordinate locations of 11,000 elements in the reference element pattern 140 significantly reduces the necessary computing resources, particularly when compared to a graphical search routine using a 1 to 3 megapixel image.

The at least one processor 104 can compare numerical data representative of the element locations in each of the coordinate data lists 170 is against numerical data representative of the reference element location in a reference data list 160. The at least one processor 104 can then identify reference elements in the reference data list 160 corresponding to each of the elements included in each of the number of coordinate data lists 170. Based on the identified correspondence between elements in the element pattern 130 and reference elements in the reference element pattern 140, the at least one processor 104 can determine the spatial shift between every acquired element and the corresponding reference element.

The search of the reference data list can be performed using any search strategy including a “top-down” search strategy in which numerical data representative of the element locations in each of the coordinate data lists 170 is sequentially compared top-to-bottom to numerical data representative of the reference element locations in a reference data list 160. The search of the reference data list 160 can be performed using a “bottom-up” search strategy in which numerical data representative of the element locations in each of the coordinate data lists 170 is sequentially compared bottom-to-top to numerical data representative of the reference element locations in a reference data list 160. Those of ordinary skill in the computer programming arts will readily appreciate the wide variety of alternative search strategies which may also be used to compare numerical data representative of the element locations in each of the coordinate data lists 170 is against numerical data representative of the reference element locations in a reference data list 160.

The dimensioning system sensor(s) 114 can take a large variety of forms (e.g., digital, analog, still image, molding images) and can be formed from or contain any number of image capture or collection elements, for example picture elements or “pixels.” For example, the dimensioning system sensor(s) 114 can have between 1,000,000 pixels (1 MP) and 100,000,000 pixels (100 MP). The dimensioning system sensor(s) 114 can include any number of current or future developed image sensing devices, collectors, or systems that include, but are not limited to, one or more complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (“CMOS”) image sensors or one or more charge-coupled device (“CCD”) image sensors.

Data is communicated from the image acquisition device 102 to the at least one processor 104 and the at least one non-transitory storage media 106 via a number of serial or parallel data buses (not shown in FIG. 1A). The non-transitory storage media 106 can be any form of data storage device including, but not limited to, optical data storage, electrostatic data storage, electroresistive data storage, magnetic data storage, and/or molecular data storage devices. All or a portion of the non-transitory storage media 106 may be disposed within the at least one processor 104, for example in the form of a cache, registers, or similar non-transitory memory structure capable of storing data or machine-readable instructions executable by the at least one processor 104.

The at least one non-transitory storage media 106 can have any data storage capacity from about 1 megabyte (1 MB) to about 3 terabytes (3 TB). Two or more storage devices may be used to provide all or a portion of the non-transitory storage media 106. For example, in some embodiments, the non-transitory storage media 106 can include a non-removable portion including a non-transitory, electrostatic, volatile storage medium and a removable portion such as a Secure Digital (SD) card, a compact flash (CF) card, a Memory Stick, or a universal serial bus (“USB”) storage device.

The at least one processor 104 can execute one or more machine readable instruction sets that are stored in whole or in part in the at least one non-transitory storage media 106. The machine executable instruction set(s) can include instructions related to basic functional aspects of the at least one processor 104, for example data transmission and storage protocols, communication protocols, input/output (“I/O”) protocols, USB protocols, and the like. Machine executable instruction sets related to all or a portion of the dimensioning functionality of the volume dimensioning system 100 and intended for execution by the at least one processor 104 while in calibration or pre-run time mode, in run time mode, or combinations thereof may also be stored within the at least one non-transitory storage media 106, the at least one processor 104, or any combination thereof. Additional volume dimensioning system 100 functionality may also be stored in the form of machine executable instruction set(s) in the at least one non-transitory storage media 106. Such functionality may include system security settings, system configuration settings, language preferences, dimension and volume preferences, and the like.

Data is transferred between the at least one non-transitory storage media 106 and the at least one processor 104 via serial or parallel bi-directional data buses (not shown in FIG. 1A). The at least one processor 104 can include any device comprising one or more cores or independent central processing units that are capable of executing one or more machine executable instruction sets. The at least one processor 104 can, in some embodiments, include a general purpose processor such as a central processing unit (“CPU”) including, but not limited to, an Intel®Atom® processor, an Intel® Pentium®, Celeron®, or Core 2® processor, and the like. In other embodiments the at least one processor 104 can include a system-on-chip (“SoC”) architecture, including, but not limited to, the Intel® Atom® System on Chip (“Atom SoC”) and the like. In other embodiments, at least one processor 104 can include a dedicated processor such as an application specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), a programmable gate array (“PGA” or “FPGA”), a digital signal processor (“DSP”), or a reduced instruction set computer (“RISC”) based processor. Where the volume dimensioning system 100 is a battery-powered portable system, the at least one processor 104 can include low power consumption processor(s), for example Intel® Pentium M®, or Celeron M® mobile system processors or the like, to extend the system battery life.

FIG. 2A shows two element groups 202 and 204, each including an seven (7) elements having a spatial geometry that is unique among all groups of seven elements in the element pattern 130, according to an illustrated embodiment. FIGS. 2B and 2C show the two element groups 202 and 204 disposed about points of interest associated with an object 150 in the three-dimensional space 120, according to an illustrated embodiment.

Numerical data representative of the Cartesian coordinates 213 corresponding to element locations in element group 202 is included in coordinate data list 212. Numerical data representative of the Cartesian coordinates 215 corresponding to element locations in element group 204 is included in coordinate data list 214.

Recall, the spatial geometry between the elements included in each of element groups 202 and 204 is unique in that no group of seven elements elsewhere in the element pattern 130 will have a similar spatial geometry. Thus, the numerical data representative of the element locations of the elements included in element group 202 and the numerical data representative of the element locations of the elements included in element group 204 will be unique within the element pattern 130. Identifying reference elements having coordinate data indicative of a spatial arrangement in the reference element pattern 140 corresponding to the numerical data representative of the element locations of the elements included in element group 202 or the numerical data representative of the element locations of the elements included in element group 204 is therefore sufficient to find corresponding coordinate location data for every element included in the acquired image data of the element pattern 130.

The elements included in element groups 202 and 204 may be manually selected by the system user or automatically selected by the at least one processor 104. In at least some instances, the volume dimensioning system user can manually select one or more element groups using the input device 114, such as by providing a touch input on a touchscreen input device 114. In other instances, the at least one processor 104 can select the elements included in each of the groups of elements. As shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, at times, the element groups may include a number of points of interest 220 that are either manually identified by the system user or autonomously identified by the at least one processor 104. Such points of interest 220 may include surface features present on the object 150, such as corners of a cubic object 150 as depicted in FIGS. 2B and 2C.

After a number of element groups are either manually or autonomously identified, the machine executable instruction set can cause the at least one processor 104 to identify those elements within each of the respective element groups 202, 204 and extract the data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate 213, 215 locations of each of the elements within each of the respective element groups 202, 204 from the acquired image data provided by the image acquisition device 102. The at least one processor 104 can generate or otherwise form a number of coordinate data lists 212, 214, each containing numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations 213, 215 of the elements included in each of the respective element groups 202, 204. In at least some instances the at least one processor 104 can sort the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations of the elements included in each of the respective coordinate data lists 212, 214.

The reference data list 160 can be searched against each of the respective coordinate data lists 212, 214 by the at least one processor to identify reference elements having locations corresponding to the locations of the elements included in each group. In at least some instances, the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 162 of the reference elements in the reference element pattern 140 may be sorted by the at least one processor prior to performing the search against each of the coordinate data lists 212, 214.

The search performed by the at least one processor 104 can be performed using a top-down or bottom-up search strategy where the numerical data corresponding to the Cartesian coordinates 213, 215 of the elements included in each of the coordinate data lists 212, 214 are compared to the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 162 of the reference elements in the reference element pattern 140.

In some instances, the search performed by the at least one processor 104 can be further streamlined by taking advantage of the fact that the elements included in each of the groups 202, 204 are in close geometric proximity. Since the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 162 of the reference elements in the reference element pattern 140 is sorted, numerical data for those reference elements in close geometric proximity is usually found clumped or otherwise grouped within a smaller portion of the overall reference data list 160. By focusing the search for numerical data indicative of Cartesian coordinates 162 of reference elements corresponding to numerical data indicative of Cartesian coordinate locations 213, 215 of acquired elements included in each of the coordinate data lists 212, 214 on only portion of the reference data list 160, the overall burden on computing resources may be further reduced. For example, the numerical data indicative of Cartesian coordinate locations 213 of acquired elements included in coordinate data lists 212 can be used to initially search the reference data list 160 using a top-down or bottom-up search. However, once the Cartesian coordinates 162 of the first corresponding reference element are identified in the reference data list 160, the search continues not from the top or bottom of the reference data list 160, but instead from the identified corresponding reference element in the reference data list 162. The search can be performed upwardly, downwardly, or alternating upward and downward in the reference data list 160 from the identified corresponding reference element. For each subsequently identified reference element corresponding to an acquired element included in the coordinate data list 212, the at least one processor 104 can begin the search using an upward, downward or alternating upward and downward search of the reference data list 160 about the respective identified corresponding reference element.

FIG. 3A shows an element group 310 that includes seven elements 312 a-312 g (collectively “acquired elements 312”) in an acquired element pattern 130 where each of the elements 312 is identified using absolute coordinates in a system such as a Cartesian coordinate system, according to an illustrated embodiment. FIG. 3B shows the same element group 310 including the seven elements 312 in the acquired element pattern 130 where one of the elements (312 a) is used to locally reference each of the other elements 312 b-312 g in the group using relative coordinates such as polar coordinates, according to an illustrated embodiment. Although a seven element group 310 is illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B, it should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that each element group 310 may contain a lesser or greater number of elements.

In some instances, the search performed by the at least one processor 104 can be further streamlined by converting the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates of the elements included in the element group 310 to a locally referenced coordinate system such as a polar coordinate system where a first element 312 a in the group 310 is used to reference all of the other elements 312 b-312 g in group 310. In such instances, instead of including numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates of the reference elements included in the reference element pattern 140 is converted to a reference data list 320 including locally-referenced numerical data 322 a-322 n (collectively “locally-referenced numerical data 322”) indicative of the angle and distance to each of the “m” (where m=the number of elements included in each group−1) nearest reference element neighbors of a particular reference element. In some instances, the locally-referenced numerical data 322 may be included as a configuration parameter of the volume dimensioning system 100 at the time of manufacture, at the time of installation, at the time of start up, or periodically throughout the lifetime of the volume dimensioning system 100. In other instances, the numerical data included in a Cartesian coordinate based reference data list 160 may be numerically converted by the at least one processor 104 to locally-referenced numerical data 322 to provide the reference data list 320.

By converting the number of elements included in each group to a single string of locally-referenced coordinate data, the at least one processor 104 can search the reference data list 320 one time to find the reference element location corresponding to the location of the first element 312 a used to reference all of the other elements in the group. However, since all of the other elements are locally-referenced in both the group 310 and in the reference data list 320, identifying the first element 312 a also identifies every other element in the group 310. Thus, advantageously only a single search is performed to identify the seven reference elements corresponding to the seven elements included in the group 310.

FIG. 4 shows a single element 404 detected by the image acquisition device 102 where the single element 404 provides a grayscale image covering a number of pixels 402 with varying degrees of intensity 406, 408, and 410, according to an illustrated embodiment. In at least some instances, determining a numerical value indicative of a “center of intensity” 410 of each element 404 included in the acquired element pattern 130 can improve the overall accuracy of dimensional and volumetric information determined by the volume dimensioning system 100 to a level well within established accuracy limits for trade and commerce. In at least some instances, prior to determining the coordinate location of each of the elements 404 in the acquired element pattern 130, the machine executable instructions can cause the at least one processor 106 to analyze each element 404 in the acquired element pattern 130 to determine a “center of intensity” for each of the elements. The determined “center of intensity” 410 can then be used by the at least one processor 104 to determine the numerical data indicative of the coordinate location for the respective element 404 with an enhanced level of accuracy. The numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 172 of the “center of intensity” for each element 404 in the acquired element pattern 130 may then be used by the at least one processor 104 to generate the coordinate data list 170.

In at least some implementations, the center of intensity may be numerically determined by the at least one processor 104 using any color, grayscale, or numerical averaging algorithm. One such numerical averaging algorithm is:

${Xc} = \frac{\sum\limits_{i}{w_{i}X_{i}}}{\sum\limits_{i}w_{i}}$ ${Yc} = \frac{\sum\limits_{i}{w_{i}Y_{i}}}{\sum\limits_{i}w_{i}}$

Where:

-   -   Xc=Center of intensity in X direction of element     -   Yc=Center of intensity in Y direction of element     -   X_(i)=X location of pixel forming element     -   Y_(i)=Y location of pixel forming element     -   w_(i)=Numerical grayscale weight of pixel

FIG. 5 shows a high level method 500 of determining a spatial shift between an element pattern 130 and a reference element pattern 140 to enable the determination of a distance between the projection device 108 and each of the elements forming the acquired element pattern 130, according to an illustrated embodiment. The method 500 extracts numerical values corresponding to the Cartesian coordinate 172 locations for each of the elements in the element pattern 130 from an acquired image of a three-dimensional space 120 containing at least one object 150 to generate a coordinate data list 170. In some implementations, the numerical values in the coordinate data list 170 may optionally be sorted by the at least one processor 104 to provide an ordered coordinate data list 170. The numerical data representative of the element locations in each of the coordinate data lists 170 is compared against numerical data representative of the reference element location in a reference data list 160. The spatial shift between the elements in the acquired element pattern 130 and the reference element pattern 140 may be used to determine a distance from the projection device 108 generating the element pattern 130 to each of the respective elements. The determined distance to each element in the element pattern can be used to determine the volume dimension of objects 150 placed in the three-dimensional space 120. The comparison of numerical data representative of the element locations in each of the coordinate data lists 170 against numerical data representative of the reference element location in a reference data list 160 reduces the computing overhead requirements when compared to graphical search techniques, advantageously permitting the use of the volume dimensioning system 100 on portable electronic devices having limited computing resources. The method commences at 502.

At 504, responsive to receiving image data from the image acquisition device 102, the at least one processor 104 can extract data representative of each element in at least a portion of the element pattern 130 from the image data. The at least one processor 104 can further determine numerical values corresponding to the Cartesian coordinates of each element in the element pattern 130 from the data representative of each element extracted from the acquired image data. The at least one processor 104 can further generate a number of coordinate data lists 170. Each of the coordinate data lists 170 can include numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations corresponding to at least three elements in the element pattern 130 as determined by the at least one processor 104 using the acquired image data obtained from the image acquisition device 102.

At 506, the at least one processor 104 can store each of the generated coordinate data lists 170 in a non-transitory storage medium. The non-transitory storage medium can include a non-transitory storage medium located in whole or in part within the at least one processor 104 or a dedicated non-transitory storage medium such as the non-transitory storage medium 106.

At 508, the at least one processor 104 can compare the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 172 of each of the elements included in each of the coordinate data lists 170 with stored numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 162 of each of the reference elements included in a reference element pattern 140. The comparison between the numerical data in each of the coordinate data lists 170 and the numerical data in the reference data list 160 may be performed using a top-down, bottom-up, or similar search technique.

At 510, the at least one processor 104 can identify for each element included in each coordinate data list 170 a corresponding reference element included in the reference data list 160. In at least some instances, such identification may be based at least in part on the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations 172 of each of the elements and the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations 162 of each of the reference elements.

At 512, using the element correspondence determined at 510, the at least one processor can determine the spatial shift between each of the elements in the acquired element pattern 130 and the reference element pattern 140. The determined spatial shift between the acquired and corresponding reference elements may be used to subsequently determine the distance between the projection device 108 and each of the elements in the element pattern 130 as a preparatory step in volume dimensioning objects 150 placed in the three-dimensional space 120 within the field-of-view of the image acquisition device 102. The method concludes at 514.

FIG. 6 shows a high level method 600 of determining a spatial shift between an element pattern 130 and a reference element pattern 140 to enable the determination of a distance between the projection device 108 and each of the elements forming the acquired element pattern 130 using a number of sorted coordinate data lists 170, according to an illustrated embodiment. The method 600 extracts numerical values corresponding to the Cartesian coordinate 172 locations for each of the elements in the element pattern 130 from an acquired image of a three-dimensional space 120 containing at least one object 150 to generate a number of coordinate data lists 170. The numerical values in each of the number of coordinate data lists 170 are sorted by the at least one processor 104 to provide a number of ordered coordinate data lists 170. Each of the number of ordered coordinate data lists 170 is compared against a reference data list 160 containing numerical values for the Cartesian coordinate locations 162 for each of the elements in a reference element pattern 140. In at least some instances, the numerical data contained in the reference data list 160 may also be sorted. The sorted coordinate data lists 170 and sorted reference data list 160 advantageously further reduce the search requirement since element groups often appear in close proximity within the reference data list 160. The spatial shift between the elements in the acquired element pattern 130 and the reference element pattern 140 may be used to determine a distance from the projection device 108 generating the element pattern 130 to each of the respective elements. The determined distance to each element in the element pattern can be used to determine the volume dimension of objects 150 placed in the three-dimensional space 120. The comparison of numerical data in the coordinate data list 170 with numerical data in the reference data list 160 reduces the computing overhead requirements when compared to graphical search techniques, advantageously permitting the use of the volume dimensioning system 100 on portable electronic devices having limited computing resources. The method commences at 602.

At 604, responsive to receiving image data from the image acquisition device 102, the at least one processor 104 can extract data representative of each element in at least a portion of the element pattern 130 from the image data. The at least one processor 104 can further determine numerical values corresponding to the Cartesian coordinates of each element in the element pattern 130 from the data representative of each element extracted from the acquired image data.

At 606, the at least one processor 104 generates a number of coordinate data lists 170. Each of the coordinate data lists 170 can include numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations corresponding to an element group including at least three elements in the element pattern 130. The elements included in each element group may be manually determined by the system user or autonomously determined by the at least one processor 104. In at least some instances, some or all of the element groups may correspond to manually or autonomously identified points of interest within the acquired image data.

At 608, the at least one processor 104 can sort the numerical data included in each of the number of coordinate data lists 170 to provide a number of ordered coordinate data lists 170.

At 610, the at least one processor 104 can store each of the ordered coordinate data lists 170 in a non-transitory storage medium. The non-transitory storage medium can include a non-transitory storage medium located in whole or in part within the at least one processor 104 or a dedicated non-transitory storage medium such as the non-transitory storage medium 106.

At 612, the at least one processor 104 can compare the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 172 of each of the elements included in each of the ordered coordinate data lists 170 with stored numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 162 of each of the reference elements included in a reference element pattern 140. The comparison between the numerical data corresponding to a first element in each of the coordinate data lists 170 and the numerical data in the reference data list 160 may be performed using a top-down, bottom-up, or similar search technique. In searches for subsequent elements included in each of the coordinate data lists 170, the at least one processor 104 can begin searching upward, downward, or alternating upward and downward from the reference element corresponding to the immediately previous element in the coordinate data list. For example, the at least one processor 104 may start at the bottom or the top of the reference data list 160 to perform the initial search of the reference data list 160 to identify a reference element corresponding to the first element in a coordinate data list 170. After the reference element corresponding to the first element in the coordinate data list 170 is identified, the at least one processor will begin the search of the reference data list 160 to identify a reference element corresponding to a second element in the coordinate data list 170 at the reference element corresponding to the first element in the coordinate data list 170. The search for the reference element corresponding to the second element in the coordinate data list 170 can be performed upwardly in the reference data list 160, downwardly in the reference data list 160, or alternating between upward and downward in the reference data list 160.

At 614, the at least one processor 104 can identify for each element included in each of the number of coordinate data lists 170 a corresponding reference element included in the reference data list 160. In at least some instances, such identification may be based at least in part on the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations 172 of each of the elements and the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations 162 of each of the reference elements.

At 616, using the element correspondence determined at 614, the at least one processor can determine the spatial shift between each of the elements in the acquired element pattern 130 and the reference element pattern 140. The determined spatial shift between the acquired and corresponding reference elements may be used to subsequently determine the distance between the projection device 108 and each of the elements in the element pattern 130 as a preparatory step in volume dimensioning objects 150 placed in the three-dimensional space 120 within the field-of-view of the image acquisition device 102. The method concludes at 618.

FIG. 7 shows a high level method 700 of determining a spatial shift between an element pattern 130 and a reference element pattern 140 to enable the determination of a distance between the projection device 108 and each of the elements forming the acquired element pattern 130 using a number of sorted, locally-referenced, coordinate data lists 170, according to an illustrated embodiment. The method 700 extracts numerical values corresponding to the Cartesian coordinate 172 locations for each of the elements in the element pattern 130 from an acquired image of a three-dimensional space 120 containing at least one object 150. Element groups including at least three elements are manually or autonomously identified and numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates for each of the at least three elements included in each of the number of element groups are formed into a coordinate data list for the respective element group.

The numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates for the at least three elements in each element group are then converted by the at least one processor 104 to numerical data indicative of a locally-referenced coordinate system where a first element in each element group is locally referenced to every other element included in the element group. Each of the number of coordinate data lists 170 is thus transformed into locally-referenced coordinate data list.

The numerical values in each of the number of locally-referenced coordinate data lists may be optionally sorted by the at least one processor 104 to provide a number of ordered, locally-referenced, coordinate data lists. Each of the number of locally referenced coordinate data lists is compared against a locally referenced reference data list 320. In at least some instances, the numerical data contained in the locally-referenced reference data list 320 may also be sorted. The locally-referenced coordinate data lists and locally-referenced reference data list 320 advantageously further reduce the search requirement since only a single search is needed to identify reference elements corresponding to all of the elements in an element group. The spatial shift between the elements in the acquired element pattern 130 and the reference element pattern 140 may be used to determine a distance from the projection device 108 generating the element pattern 130 to each of the respective elements. The determined distance to each element in the element pattern can be used to determine the volume dimension of objects 150 placed in the three-dimensional space 120. The comparison of numerical data in the locally-referenced coordinate data list with numerical data in the locally-referenced reference data list 320 further reduces the computing overhead requirements when compared to graphical search techniques, advantageously permitting the use of the volume dimensioning system 100 on portable electronic devices having limited computing resources. The method commences at 702.

At 704, responsive to receiving image data from the image acquisition device 102, the at least one processor 104 can extract data representative of each element in at least a portion of the element pattern 130 from the image data. The at least one processor 104 can further determine numerical values corresponding to the Cartesian coordinates of each element in the element pattern 130 from the data representative of each element extracted from the acquired image data.

At 706, the at least one processor 104 generates a number of coordinate data lists 170. Each of the coordinate data lists 170 can include numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations corresponding to an element group including at least three elements in the element pattern 130. The elements included in each element group may be manually determined by the system user or autonomously determined by the at least one processor 104. In at least some instances, some or all of the element groups may correspond to manually or autonomously identified points of interest within the acquired image data.

At 708, the at least one processor 104 can convert the numerical data indicative of Cartesian coordinate locations for each of the elements included in the coordinate data list 170 associated with each element group to numerical data indicative of a locally-referenced coordinates for each of the elements included in the coordinate data list 170 associated with each element group. In at least one instance, a first element in each element group may be identified by the at least one processor 104 and each subsequent element included in the element group may be locally referenced to the identified first element using Polar coordinates (e.g., an angle and distance between the elements).

At 710, the at least one processor 104 may optionally sort the numerical data included in each of the number of locally-referenced coordinate data lists to provide a number of ordered, locally-referenced, coordinate data lists.

At 712, the at least one processor 104 can store each of the locally-referenced coordinate data lists in a non-transitory storage medium. The non-transitory storage medium can include a non-transitory storage medium located in whole or in part within the at least one processor 104 or a dedicated non-transitory storage medium such as the non-transitory storage medium 106.

At 714, the at least one processor 104 can compare the numerical data indicative of the locally-referenced coordinates of each of the elements included in each of the locally-referenced coordinate data lists with stored numerical data indicative of the locally-referenced coordinates 322 of each of the reference elements included in a locally-referenced reference data list 320. The comparison between the numerical data indicative of the locally-referenced coordinates of each of the elements included in each of the locally-referenced coordinate data lists and the locally-referenced reference data list 320 may be performed using a top-down, bottom-up, or similar search technique

At 716, the at least one processor 104 can identify for each element included in each of the number of locally-referenced coordinate data lists a corresponding reference element included in the locally-referenced reference data list 320. In at least some instances, such identification may be based at least in part on the numerical data indicative of the locally-referenced coordinates of each of the elements included in the element group and the numerical data indicative of the locally-referenced coordinate locations 322 of each of the reference elements.

At 718, using the element correspondence determined at 716, the at least one processor can determine the spatial shift between each of the elements in the acquired element pattern 130 and the reference element pattern 140. The determined spatial shift between the acquired and corresponding reference elements may be used to subsequently determine the distance between the projection device 108 and each of the elements in the element pattern 130 as a preparatory step in volume dimensioning objects 150 placed in the three-dimensional space 120 within the field-of-view of the image acquisition device 102. The method concludes at 720.

FIG. 8 shows a high level method 800 of determining with enhanced accuracy a spatial shift between an element pattern 130 and a reference element pattern 140 to enable the determination of a distance between the projection device 108 and each of the elements forming the acquired element pattern 130, according to an illustrated embodiment. The at least one processor 104 first determines a “center of intensity” 410 for each element included in the acquired element pattern 130. The determined center of intensity 410 is then used by the at least one processor 104 to extract numerical values of the Cartesian coordinate 172 locations for each of the elements in the element pattern 130 from an acquired image of a three-dimensional space 120 containing at least one object 150 to generate a coordinate data list 170. In some implementations, the numerical values in the coordinate data list 170 can be sorted by the at least one processor 104 to provide an ordered coordinate data list 170. The coordinate data list is compared against a reference data list 160 containing numerical values for the Cartesian coordinate locations 162 for each of the elements in a reference element pattern 140. The spatial shift between the elements in the acquired element pattern 130 and the reference element pattern 140 may be used to determine a distance from the projection device 108 generating the element pattern 130 to each of the respective elements. The determined distance to each element in the element pattern can be used to determine the volume dimension of objects 150 placed in the three-dimensional space 120. The comparison of numerical data in the coordinate data list 170 with numerical data in the reference data list 160 reduces the computing overhead requirements when compared to graphical search techniques, advantageously permitting the use of the volume dimensioning system 100 on portable electronic devices having limited computing resources. The method commences at 802.

At 804, responsive to receiving image data from the image acquisition device 102, the at least one processor 104 extract data representative of each element in at least a portion of the element pattern 130 from the acquired image data provided by an image acquisition device 102. The at least one processor 104 then determines a “center of intensity” 410 for each of the extracted elements. The at least one processor 104 can then determine numerical values corresponding to the Cartesian coordinates of the determined “center of intensity” 410 for each element in the element pattern 130 from the data representative of each element extracted from the acquired image data.

At 806, the at least one processor 104 generates a number of coordinate data lists 170. Each of the coordinate data lists 170 can include numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations corresponding to at least three elements in the element pattern 130 as determined by the at least one processor 104 using the acquired image data obtained from the image acquisition device 102.

At 808, the at least one processor 104 can optionally sort the numerical data included in each of the number of coordinate data lists 170 to provide a number of ordered coordinate data lists 170.

At 810, the at least one processor 104 can store each of the ordered coordinate data lists 170 in a non-transitory storage medium. The non-transitory storage medium can include a non-transitory storage medium located in whole or in part within the at least one processor 104 or a dedicated non-transitory storage medium such as the non-transitory storage medium 106.

At 812, the at least one processor 104 can compare the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 172 of each of the elements included in each of the ordered coordinate data lists 170 with stored numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinates 162 of each of the reference elements included in a reference element pattern 140. The comparison between the numerical data in each of the ordered coordinate data lists 170 and the numerical data in the reference data list 160 may be performed using a top-down, bottom-up, or similar search technique.

At 814, the at least one processor 104 can identify for each element included in each ordered coordinate data list 170 a corresponding reference element included in the reference data list 160. In at least some instances, such identification may be based at least in part on the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations 172 of each of the elements and the numerical data indicative of the Cartesian coordinate locations 162 of each of the reference elements.

At 816, using the element correspondence determined at 510, the at least one processor can determine the spatial shift between each of the elements in the acquired element pattern 130 and the reference element pattern 140. The determined spatial shift between the acquired and corresponding reference elements may be used to subsequently determine the distance between the projection device 108 and each of the elements in the element pattern 130 as a preparatory step in volume dimensioning objects 150 placed in the three-dimensional space 120 within the field-of-view of the image acquisition device 102. The method concludes at 818.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, schematics, and examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, schematics, and examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the present subject matter may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) or programmable gate arrays. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more controllers (e.g., microcontrollers) as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure.

Various methods and/or algorithms have been described. Some or all of those methods and/or algorithms may omit some of the described acts or steps, include additional acts or steps, combine acts or steps, and/or may perform some acts or steps in a different order than described. Some of the method or algorithms may be implemented in software routines. Some of the software routines may be called from other software routines. Software routines may execute sequentially or concurrently, and may employ a multi-threaded approach.

In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms taught herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing non-transitory media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of non-transitory signal bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media such as portable disks and memory, hard disk drives, CD/DVD ROMs, digital tape, computer memory, and other non-transitory computer-readable storage media.

While discussed in terms of projection of dots, many of the techniques described herein could be employed in dimensioning systems that capture image data from objects which bear element patterns, for instance printed or otherwise inscribed on or in at least one surface of the object.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure. 

1. A portable structured light dimensioning system to determine a volume dimension of an object, comprising: an image acquisition device to acquire image data representative of at least an element pattern projected into a three-dimensional space that includes at least one object; at least one processor communicably coupled to the image acquisition device; and at least one non-transitory storage medium communicably coupled to the at least one processor and having stored therein at least one set of machine executable instructions that when executed by the at least one processor cause the at least one processor to: determine coordinate data associated with each element location in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data; generate a number of coordinate data lists, each including coordinate data associated with at least three element locations in the acquired image data; for each coordinate data list: compare the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list including reference coordinate data associated with reference element locations in a reference element pattern; and select for each of the at least three element locations, a corresponding reference element location in the reference element pattern; and determine a spatial shift between the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data and the coordinate data associated with the respective corresponding reference element location in the reference element pattern.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the at least one processor to: for each coordinate data list, compare the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list by performing for the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations, at least one of: a top-to-bottom search, or, a bottom-to-top search of the reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with the respective element location with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the reference data list.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the processor to: for each coordinate data list, sort the coordinate data using a defined sort pattern to provide a respective ordered coordinate data list.
 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the at least one processor to: for each ordered coordinate data list perform at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of the reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with a first element location in the ordered coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the reference data list; and for coordinate data in the ordered coordinate data list associated with each remaining element location, perform at least one of an upward search, a downward search, or an alternating upward/downward search about coordinate data associated with a reference element in the reference data list corresponding to coordinate data associated with an immediately preceding element location.
 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the at least one processor to: for each ordered coordinate data list perform at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of an ordered reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with a first element location in the ordered coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the ordered reference data list; and for coordinate data in the ordered coordinate data list associated with each remaining element location, perform at least one of an upward search, a downward search, or an alternating upward/downward search about coordinate data associated with a reference element in the ordered reference data list corresponding to coordinate data associated with an immediately preceding remaining element location.
 6. The system of claim 3 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the processor to: generate an ordered coordinate data list about each of a number of points of interest in the acquired image data to provide the number of ordered coordinate data lists, each ordered coordinate data list including coordinate data associated with each of at least three element locations about each respective point of interest.
 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the at least one processor to: accept a number of user inputs, each of the user inputs corresponding to one of the number of points of interest in the acquired image data.
 8. The system of claim 6 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the at least one processor to: autonomously determine each of the number of points of interest in the acquired image data.
 9. The system of claim 3 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the processor to: for each ordered coordinate data list, convert the coordinate data associated with the at least three element locations in the acquired image data to a second, locally-referenced coordinate system that relates the coordinate data associated a first of the at least three elements included the respective ordered coordinate data list to the coordinate data associated with each of the other of the at least three elements included in the respective ordered coordinate data list to provide a respective ordered, locally referenced, coordinate data list.
 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the at least one processor to: for each ordered, locally referenced, coordinate data list perform at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of a locally-referenced, reference data list in which the coordinate data associated with each reference element is related to coordinate data associated with a number of neighboring reference elements in the reference pattern, to compare the locally-referenced coordinate data associated with the first of the at least three elements in the ordered, locally-referenced, coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the locally-referenced, reference data list.
 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the processor to: determine a center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data; and determine coordinate data corresponding to the determined center of intensity of the element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data.
 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the processor to: determine a center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data using grayscale values associated with each of the respective element locations.
 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the at least one processor to: determine a respective distance between the image acquisition device and each of the elements in at least a portion of the pattern of elements incident upon the at least one object positioned in the three-dimensional space.
 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the machine executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the at least one processor to: determine a respective volume dimension associated with the at least one object using the determined respective distances between the image acquisition device and each of the elements in at least a portion of the pattern of elements incident upon the at least one object positioned in the three-dimensional space.
 15. A structured light dimensioning method to determine a volume dimension of an object, comprising: determining by at least one processor coordinate data corresponding to element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in acquired image data provided by at least one communicably coupled image capture device; generating by the at least one processor a number of coordinate data lists, each coordinate data list including coordinate data associated with at least three element locations in the acquired image data; storing each of the number of coordinate data lists in at least one non-transitory storage media communicably coupled to the at least one processor; for each coordinate data list: comparing by the at least one processor the coordinate data associated each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list stored in at least one non-transitory storage media communicably coupled to the at least one processor, the reference data list including reference coordinate data associated with reference element locations in a reference element pattern; selecting by the at least one processor, for each of the at least three element locations, a corresponding reference element location in the reference element pattern; and determining by the at least one processor a spatial shift between the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data and the coordinate data associated with the respective corresponding reference element location in the reference element pattern.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein comparing by the at least one processor the coordinate data associated each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list comprises: comparing by the at least one processor the coordinate data associated each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with a reference data list by performing for the coordinate data associated with each of the at least three element locations, at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of the reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with the respective element location with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the reference data list.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: for each coordinate data list, sorting by the at least one processor the coordinate data using a defined sort pattern to provide a respective ordered coordinate data list.
 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: for each ordered coordinate data list, performing by the at least one processor at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of the reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with a first element location in the ordered coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the reference data list; and for coordinate data in the ordered coordinate data list associated with each remaining element location, performing by the at least one processor at least one of an upward search, a downward search, or an alternating upward/downward search about coordinate data associated with a reference element in the reference data list corresponding to coordinate data associated with an immediately preceding element location.
 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: for each ordered coordinate data list, performing by the at least one processor at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of an ordered reference data list to compare the coordinate data associated with a first element location in the ordered coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the ordered reference data list; and for coordinate data in the ordered coordinate data list associated with each remaining element location, performing by the at least one processor at least one of an upward search, a downward search, or an alternating upward/downward search about coordinate data associated with a reference element in the ordered reference data list corresponding to coordinate data associated with an immediately preceding remaining element location.
 20. The method of claim 17 wherein generating by the at least one processor a number of coordinate data lists comprises: generating by the at least one processor, an ordered coordinate data list proximate each of a number of points of interest in the acquired image data to provide the number of ordered coordinate data lists, each ordered coordinate data list including coordinate data associated with each of at least three element locations about each respective point of interest.
 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: accepting by the at least one processor, a number of user inputs provided via at least one user interface communicably coupled to the at least one processor, each of the user inputs corresponding to one of the number of points of interest in the acquired image data.
 22. The method of claim 20, further comprising: autonomously determining by the at least one processor, each of the number of points of interest in the acquired image data.
 23. The method of claim 17, further comprising: for each ordered coordinate data list, converting by the at least one processor, the coordinate data associated with the at least three element locations in the acquired image data to a second, locally-referenced coordinate system that relates the coordinate data associated a first of the at least three elements included the respective ordered coordinate data list to the coordinate data associated with each of the other of the at least three elements included in the respective ordered coordinate data list to provide a respective ordered, locally referenced, coordinate data list.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein comparing by the at least one processor the coordinate data associated each of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data with the reference data list stored in at least one non-transitory storage media communicably coupled to the at least one processor comprises: for each ordered, locally referenced, coordinate data list performing by the at least one processor at least one of a top-to-bottom search or a bottom-to-top search of a locally-referenced, reference data list in which the coordinate data associated with each reference element is related to coordinate data associated with a number of neighboring reference elements in the reference pattern, to compare the locally-referenced coordinate data associated with the first of the at least three elements in the ordered, locally-referenced, coordinate data list with coordinate data associated with each reference element location in the locally-referenced, reference data list.
 25. The method of claim 15, further comprising: determining by the at least one processor a center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein generating by the at least one processor a number of coordinate data lists, each coordinate data list including coordinate data associated with at least three element locations in the acquired image data comprises: generating by the at least one processor a number of coordinate data lists, each coordinate data list including coordinate data corresponding to the determined center of intensity of the at least three element locations in the acquired image data.
 27. The method of claim 25 wherein determining by the at least one processor a center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data comprises: determining by the at least one processor the center of intensity of element locations in at least a portion of the element pattern present in the acquired image data using a number of grayscale values associated with each of the respective element locations.
 28. The method of claim 15, further comprising: determining by the at least one processor a respective distance between the image acquisition device and each of the elements in at least a portion of the pattern of elements incident upon the at least one object positioned in the three-dimensional space.
 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising: determining by the at least one processor a respective volume dimension associated with the at least one object using the determined respective distances between the image acquisition device and each of the elements in at least a portion of the pattern of elements incident upon the at least one object positioned in the three-dimensional space. 